What is AGS?

Alpha-Gal syndrome (AGS), also known as red meat allergy, is characterized by urticaria and anaphylaxis in response to dietary red meat that contains a glycan, galactose-alpha-1,3 galactose (aGal). The main causal factor of AGS is known to be the lone star tick bite.

The significance of AGS extends beyond dietary reactions; it is associated with the rejection of animal-derived therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and various vaccines. Additionally, AGS is implicated in the rejection of porcine aortic and cardiac valves in xenotransplantation.

alpha-Gal

galactose-alpha-1.3 galactose (alpha-Gal)

Frequently Asked Questions

What are common symptoms of AGS?

Large variation in the AGS symptoms and the degrees of sensitivity have been described. If you have one of the following symptoms, please consult with your doctor and an allergist.

Typical allergic reaction to red meat: Hives, flushing, rhinitis/nasal congestion, or abdominal cramping to mammalian meats.
Delayed anaphylaxis: An episode of a delayed (2 to 8 hours) anaphylactic reaction to the diet containing red meat (or some other ways of exposure to alpha-gal). Delayed response is common in AGS, but not always.
Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms: Abdominal pain, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, and heartburn
Recent tick bites: whether you have a recent tick bite
Noticed that changes in the diet with no red meat resulted in lessening the symptoms.

In addition, atypical cases of AGS symptoms include arthritis, chronic urticaria, and swelling of lips and tongue.

Further details of the AGS symptoms are in Alpha-Gal Information site (AGI) and summarized by the allergist Dr. Commins.

Do I need to worry about AGS in Kansas

Yes, based on Kansas Department of Health and Environment, in May 1, 2023 to May 1, 2024, a total 503 Alpha-Gal syndrome suspected cases has been reported in Kansas. High AGS occurrences are mainly in the South and West of Kansas.

**Geographic distribution of suspected alpha-gal syndrome cases* per 1 million population per year — United States, 2017–2022**

FIGURE. Geographic distribution of suspected alpha-gal syndrome cases* per 1 million population per year — United States, 2017–2022

From CDC, Geographic distribution of suspected alpha-gal syndrome cases – United States, January 2017 – December 2022, Thomson et al. (2023) CDC Weekly 72(30);815–820. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7230a2.htm

What tests are associated with AGS diagnosis?

Alpha-gal syndrome is diagnosed using a detailed patient history, physical examination, and a blood test (CDC, Mayo Clinic).

A blood test or skin prick test will provide a better diagnostics, in addition to the patient history. However, please note that there are some AGS cases that do not fit in high sIgE anti-alpha-gal or positivity to beef or pork .

Blood test - Specific IgE anti alpha-gal test can be done by many companies including Quest alpha-gal syndrome allergy panel
Skin test - The results from skin prick test with extracts of beef/pork can be unreliable for AGS diagnostics.