RNA Interference in Insects
RNA interference (RNAi) has been known as common machinery for sequence-specific gene silencing through the RNAi pathway in eukaryotic organisms. However, there are significant differences in the efficiency of RNAi among different taxonomic groups of insects. For example, coleopterans, hemipterans and orthopterans have a robust RNAi response whereas lepidopterans and dipterans often show poor RNAi response. Such differences could be in part due to different stabilities of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and different efficiencies in cellular uptake of dsRNA among different insects. Our studies are to address the questions related to the stability and cellular uptake of dsRNA in different insects. Our studies also focus on the identification of candidate genes and the development of dsRNA delivery methods (e.g., nanoparticle-based approaches) potentially to be used for RNAi-based management of insect pests. Our studies are expected to provide new insights into possible mechanisms leading to differential RNAi efficiencies among different insects and help researchers develop effective RNAi-based technologies for insect pest management.

Insecticide Detoxification and Resistance
The most significant challenge for successful control of insect pests by using chemical insecticides and transgenic plants expressing insecticidal molecules is the development of resistance to these control agents in insect populations. Although a large number of the genes potentially involved in conferring insecticide toxicity, detoxification and resistance have been revealed from various insect species based on the genomics research, our knowledge on the role of these genes essential to insect pest management has been very limited. Our research focuses on: 1) functional analysis of insecticide target genes (e.g., acetylcholinesterases); 2) roles and up-regulations of detoxification genes (e.g., cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, carboxylesterases and glutathione S-transferases); and 3) molecular analysis of the genes possibly involved in conferring Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxicity and resistance in insects. We expect that these studies will help researchers develop effective strategies for insect pest control and resistance management.

Chitin Biosynthesis and Inhibition
Chitin is the second most abundant biological polymer after cellulose and is synthesized in arthropods (insects, spiders, etc.), nematodes and fungi. In insects, chitin is synthesized in epidermal and certain epithelial cells, and is a vital component of exoskeletons and cuticular linings of trachea and peritrophic matrixes. Despite decades of intensive research, many events associated with chitin formation and deposition are still obscure or only partially understood. Our study focuses on the molecular biology of chitin biosynthetic pathway and the mechanism of chitin synthesis inhibition by benzoylphenyl urea-based insecticides in arthropods. We expect to shed new light on chitin biosynthetic pathway and better understand the mechanism of action of the insecticides targeting the chitin biosynthetic pathway in arthropods. Because chitin is a vital component of the arthropod exoskeleton and peritrophic matrixes, and is not present in vertebrates, results from this study are expected to help researchers develop safe and environmentally friendly approaches for insect pest management.

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161. Yang M., Zhang J., Zhu K. Y., Xuan T., Liu X., Guo Y., Ma E. 2008. Increased activity and reduced sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase associated with malathion resistance in a field population of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 91: 32-38 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2007.12.004).
162. Anderson T. D., Jin-Clark Y., Begum K., Starkey S. R., Zhu K. Y. 2008. Gene expression profiling reveals decreased expression of two hemoglobin genes associated with increased consumption of oxygen in Chironomus tentans exposed to atrazine: A possible mechanism for adapting to oxygen deficiency. Aquatic Toxicol. 86: 148-156 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.10.015).
163. Wu H.-H., Zhu K. Y., Guo Y.-P., Zhang X.-M., Ma E.-B. 2008. Comparative studies of substrate and inhibitor specificities of glutathione S-transferases in six tissues of Oxya chinensis (Thunberg) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Agri. Sci. China 7: 462-468 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S1671-2927(08)60090-5).
164. Li H., Buschman L. L., Zhu K. Y., Huang F., Oppert B. 2007. Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins in the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Biopestic. Int. 3: 96-107.
165. Li H., Buschman L. L., Huang F., Zhu K. Y., Bonning B., Oppert B. 2007. DiPel-selected Ostrinia nubilalis larvae are not resistant to transgenic corn expressing Bacillus thuringiensis J. Econ. Entomol. 100: 1862-1870 (https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/100.6.1862).
166. Zhu K. Y., Heise S., Zhang J., Anderson T. D., Starkey S. R. 2007. Comparative studies on effects of three chitin synthesis inhibitors on common malaria mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 44: 1047-1053 (https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/44.6.1047).
167. Mohandass S. M., Arthur F. H., Zhu K. Y., Throne J. E. 2007. Biology and management of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in stored products. J. Stored Prod. Res. 43: 302-311 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2006.08.002).
168. Daves C. A., Higgins R. A., Sloderbeck P. E., Wilde G. E., Whitworth R. J., Zhu K. Y., Buschman L. L. 2007. How Kansas crop consultants scout for western corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in field corn. Am. Entomol. 53: 8-11 (https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/53.1.8).
169. Rakotondravelo M., Anderson T. D., Charlton R. E., Zhu K. Y. 2006. Sublethal effects of three pesticides on activities of selected target and detoxification enzymes in the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51: 360-366 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-0227-0).
170. Rakotondravelo M., Anderson T. D., Charlton R. E., Zhu K. Y. 2006. Sublethal effects of three pesticides on larval survivorship, growth and macromolecule production in the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51: 352-359 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-0219-0).
171. Zhang J., Zhu K. Y. 2006. Characterization of a chitin synthase cDNA and its increased mRNA level associated with decreased chitin synthesis in Anopheles quadrimaculatus exposed to diflubenzuron. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 36: 712-725 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.06.002).
172. Ahmad A., Wilde G. E., Zhu K. Y. 2006. Evaluation of effects of coleopteran-specific Cry3Bb1 toxin on earthworms exposed to soil containing corn roots or biomass. Environ. Entomol. 35: 976-985 (https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-35.4.976).
173. Mohandass S. M., Arthur F. H., Zhu K. Y., Throne J. E. 2006. Hydroprene prolongs development time and increases mortality in wandering-phase Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 1509-1519 (https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-99.4.1509).
174. Mohandass S. M., Arthur F. H., Zhu K. Y., Throne J. E. 2006. Hydroprene prolongs developmental time and increases mortality of Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs. J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 1007-1016 (https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.3.1007).
175. Mohandass S. M., Arthur F. H., Zhu K. Y., Throne J. E. 2006. Hydroprene: Mode of action, current status in stored-product pest management, insect resistance and future prospects. Crop Protect. 25: 902-909 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.01.014).
176. Zhu K. Y., Wilde G. E., Sloderbeck P. E., Buschman L. L., Higgins R. A., Whitworth R. J., Bowling R. A., Starkey S. R., He F. 2005. Comparative susceptibility of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults to selected insecticides in Kansas. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 2181-2187 (https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/98.6.2181).
177. Mahroof R., Zhu K. Y., Neven L., Subramanyam B., Bai J. 2005. Expression patterns of three heat shock protein 70 genes among developmental stages of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 141A: 247-256 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.05.044).
178. Li H., Oppert B., Higgins R. A., Huang F., Buschman L. L., Zhu K. Y. 2005. Susceptibility of Dipel-resistant and -susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to individual Bacillus thuringiensis J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 1333-1340 (https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-98.4.1333).
179. Li H., Oppert B., Higgins R. A., Huang F., Buschman L. L., Gao J.-R., Zhu K. Y. 2005. Characterization of cDNAs encoding three trypsin-like proteinases and mRNA quantitative analysis in Bt-resistant and -susceptible strains of Ostrinia nubilalis. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 35: 847-860 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.03.004).
180. Hartzer K. L., Zhu K. Y., Baker J. E. 2005. Phenoloxidase in larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Molecular cloning of the proenzyme cDNA and activity levels in larvae paralyzed and parasitized by Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 59: 67-79 (https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.20056).
181. Ahmad A., Wilde G. E., Zhu K. Y. 2005. Detectability of coleopteran-specific Cry3Bb1 toxin in soil and its effect on nontarget surface and below-ground arthropods. Environ. Entomol. 34: 385-394 (https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-34.2.385).
182. Mahroof R., Zhu K. Y., Subramanyam B. 2005. Changes in expression of heat shock proteins in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in relation to developmental stage, exposure time, and temperature. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 98: 100-107 (https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0100:CIEOHS]2.0.CO;2).
183. Li H., González-Cabrera J., Oppert B., Ferré J., Higgins R. A., Buschman L. L., Radke G. A., Zhu K. Y., Huang F. 2004. Binding analyses of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac with membrane vesicles from Bacillus thuringiensis-resistant and -susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis. Biophys. Res. Commun. 323: 52-57 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.054).
184. Anderson T. D., Zhu K. Y. 2004. Synergistic and antagonistic effects of atrazine on the toxicity of organophosphorodithioate- and organophosphorothioate-insecticides to Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 80: 54-64 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2004.06.003).
185. Li H., Oppert B., Higgins R. A., Huang F., Buschman L. L., Zhu K. Y. 2004. Comparative analysis of proteinase activities of Bacillus thuringiensis-resistant and -susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 34: 753-762 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.03.010).
186. He Y.-P., Ma E.-B., Zhu K. Y. 2004. Characterizations of general esterases in relation to malathion susceptibility in two field populations of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 78: 103-113 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2003.09.009).
187. Ma E.-B., He Y.-P., Zhu K. Y. 2004. Comparative studies of acetylcholinesterase purified from two field populations of the oriental migratory locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis): Implications of insecticide resistance. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 78: 67-77 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2003.09.001).
188. Li H., Oppert B., Zhu K. Y., Higgins R. A., Huang F., Buschman L. L. 2003. Transgenic plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins. Insect Sci. 10: 155-166 (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2003.tb00379.x).
189. Ayala J., Dowdy A. K., Beeman R. W., Zhu K. Y. 2003. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit Va from the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 54: 47-54 (https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.10101).
190. Gao J.-R., Zhu K. Y. 2002. Increased expression of an acetylcholinesterase gene may confer organophosphate resistance in the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 73: 164-173 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-3575(02)00105-0).
191. McKenzie S. A., Whitworth J., Wilde G. E., Zhu K. Y. 2002. Acetylcholinesterase activity in Harpluspennsylvanicus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) fed western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults killed by Slam. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 75: 229-232 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/25086073).
192. Gao J.-R., Kambhampati S., Zhu K. Y. 2002. Molecular cloning and characterization of a greenbug (Schizaphis graminum) cDNA encoding acetylcholinesterase possibly evolved from a duplicate gene lineage. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 32: 765-775 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-1748(01)00159-X).
193. Yang X.-M., Buschman L. L., Zhu K. Y., Margolies D. C. 2002. Susceptibility and detoxifying enzyme activity in two spider mite species (Acari: Tetranychidae) after selection with three insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 399-406 (https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-95.2.399).
194. Jin-Clark Y., Lydy M. J., Zhu K. Y. 2002. Effects of atrazine and cyanazine on chlorpyrifos toxicity in Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21: 598-603 (https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620210319).
195. Al-Deeb M, Wilde G. E., Zhu K. Y. 2001. Effect of insecticides used in corn, sorghum, and alfalfa on the predator Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 1353-1360 (https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-94.6.1353).
196. Yang X.-M., Zhu K. Y., Buschman L. L., Margolies D. C. 2001. Comparative susceptibility and possible detoxification mechanisms for selected miticides in Banks grass mite and twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 25: 293-299 (https://doi.org/1023/A:1017926920389).
197. Zhu K. Y., Wilde G. E., Higgins R. A., Sloderbeck P. E., Buschman L. L., Shufran R. A., Whitworth R. J., Starkey S. R., He F. 2001. Evidence of evolving carbaryl resistance in western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in north central Kansas. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 929- 934 (https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-94.4.929).
198. Gao J.-R., Zhu K. Y. 2001. An acetylcholinesterase purified from the greenbug (Schizaphis graminum) with some unique enzymological and pharmacological characteristics. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 31: 1095-1104 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-1748(01)00057-1).
199. Yang X.-M., Margolies D. C., Zhu K. Y., Buschman L. L. 2001. Host plant-induced changes in detoxification enzymes and susceptibility to pesticides in the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 381-387 (https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-94.2.381).
200. Zhu K. Y., Gao J.-R., Starkey S. R. 2000. Organophosphate resistance mediated by alterations of acetylcholinesterase in a resistant clone of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 68: 138-147 (https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.2000.2510).
201. Gao J.-R., Zhu K. Y. 2000. Comparative toxicity of selected organophosphate insecticides against resistant and susceptible clones of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Agric. Food Chem. 48: 4717-4722 (https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000548p).
202. Zhu K. Y., He F. 2000. Elevated esterases exhibiting arylesterase-like characteristics in an organophosphate-resistant clone of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 67: 155-167 (https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.2000.2488).
203. Perez-Mendoza J., Fabrick J. A., Zhu K. Y., Baker J. E. 2000. Alterations in esterases are associated with malathion resistance in Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 93: 31-37 (https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.1.31).
204. Huang F., Zhu K. Y., Buschman L. L., Higgins R. A., Oppert B. 1999. Comparison of midgut proteinases in Bacillus thuringiensis-susceptible and -resistant European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 65: 132-139 (https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1999.2438).
205. Zhu K. Y., Gao J.-R. 1999. Increased activity associated with reduced sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase in organophosphate-resistant greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae). Pestic. Sci. 55: 11-17 (https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199901)55:1<11::AID-PS850>3.0.CO;2-4).
206. Wilde G. E., Whitworth R. J., Shufran R. A., Zhu K. Y., Sloderbeck P. E., Higgins R. A., Buschman L. L. 1998. Rootworm areawide management project in Kansas. J. Agric. Entomol. 15: 335-349.
207. Gao J.-R., Rao J. V., Wilde G. E., Zhu K. Y. 1998. Purification and kinetic analysis of acetylcholinesterase from western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 39: 118-125 (https://doi.org/1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1998)39:3<118::AID-ARCH4>3.0.CO;2-6).
208. Baker J. E., Fabrick J. A., Zhu K. Y. 1998. Characterization of esterases in malathion-resistant and susceptible strains of the pteromalid parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28: 1039-1050 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-1748(98)00095-2).
209. Zhu K. Y., Gao J.-R. 1998. Kinetic properties and variability of esterases in organophosphate-susceptible and resistant greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 62: 135-145 (https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1998.2376).
210. Guedes R. N. C., Zhu K. Y. 1998. Organophosphate resistance in Rhyzopertha dominica: Survey and biochemical mechanisms. Recent Res. Devel. Entomol. 2: 1-7.
211. Guedes R. N. C., Zhu K. Y., Kambhampati S. 1998. Altered acetylcholinesterase associated with organophosphate resistance in Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) populations from Brazil and the United States. J. Appl. Entomol. 122: 269-273 (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1998.tb01495.x).
212. Guedes R. N. C., Zhu K. Y. 1998. Characterization of malathion resistance in a Mexican population of Rhyzopertha dominica. Pestic. Sci. 53: 15-20 (https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199805)53:13.0.CO;2-Q).
213. Guedes R. N. C., Zhu K. Y., Kambhampati S., Dover B. A. 1998. Characterization of acetylcholinesterase purified from the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 119C: 205-210 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-8413(97)00208-9).
214. Guedes R. N. C., Kambhampati S., Dover B. A., Zhu K. Y. 1997. Biochemical mechanism of organophosphate resistance in Brazilian and U. S. populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 87: 581-586 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300038670).
215. Guedes R. N. C., Zhu K. Y., Kambhampati S., Dover B. A. 1997. An altered acetylcholinesterase conferring negative cross-insensitivity to different insecticidal inhibitors in organophosphate resistant lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 58: 55-62 (https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1997.2285).
216. Guedes R. N. C., Zhu K. Y., Dover B. A., Kambhampati S. 1997. Partial characterization of phosphotriesterases from organophosphate-susceptible and resistant populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 57: 156-164 (https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1997.2266).
217. Zhu K. Y., Clark J. M. 1997. Validation of a point mutation of acetylcholinesterase in Colorado potato beetle by polymerase chain reaction coupled to enzyme inhibition assay. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 57: 28-35 (https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1997.2252).
218. Zhu K. Y., Lee S. H., Clark J. M. 1996. A point mutation of acetylcholinesterase associated with azinphosmethyl resistance and reduced fitness in Colorado potato beetle. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 55: 100-108 (https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1996.0039).
219. Zhu K. Y., Clark J. M. 1996. Addition of a competitive primer can dramatically improve the specificity of PCR amplification of specific alleles. BioTechniques 21: 586-590 (https://doi.org/10.2144/96214bm04).
220. Zhu K. Y., Clark J. M. 1995. Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding acetylcholinesterase in Colorado potato beetle. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25: 1129-1138 (https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-1748(95)00055-0).
221. Zhu K. Y., Clark J. M. 1995. Rapid construction of nested deletions of recombinant plasmid DNA for dideoxy sequencing. BioTechniques 18: 222-224.
222. Zhu K. Y., Clark J. M. 1995. Comparisons of kinetic properties of acetylcholinesterases purified from azinphosmethyl-susceptible and resistant strains of Colorado potato beetle. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 51: 57-67 (https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1995.1007).
223. Zhu K. Y., Clark J. M. 1994. Purification and characterization of acetylcholinesterase from the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 24: 453-461 (https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-1748(94)90040-X).
224. Argentine J. A., Zhu K. Y., Lee S. H., Clark J. M. 1994. Biochemical mechanisms of azinphosmethyl resistance in isogenic strains of Colorado potato beetle. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 48: 63-78 (https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1994.1008).
225. Zhu K. Y., Brindley W. A. 1992. Catalytic and inhibitory properties of a major molecular form of acetylcholinesterase isolated from Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 103B: 147-151 (https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(92)90426-R).
226. Zhu K. Y., Brindley W. A. 1992. Significance of carboxylesterases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase in conferring organophosphate resistance in Lygus hesperus Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 43: 223-231 (https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(92)90035-X).
227. Zhu K. Y., Brindley W. A. 1992. Enzymological and inhibitory properties of acetylcholinesterase purified from Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae). Insect. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 22: 245-251 (https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-1748(92)90061-I).
228. Zhu K. Y., Brindley W. A. 1992. Molecular properties of acetylcholinesterase purified from Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 22: 253-260 (https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-1748(92)90062-J).
229. Zhu K. Y., Brindley W. A., Hsiao T. H. 1991. Isolation and partial purification of acetylcholinesterase from Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae). J. Econ. Entomol. 84: 790-794 (https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/84.3.790).
230. Zhu K. Y., Brindley W. A. 1990. Properties of esterases from Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) and the roles of the esterases in insecticide resistance. J. Econ. Entomol. 83: 725-732 (https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/83.3.725).
231. Zhu K. Y., Brindley W. A. 1990. Acetylcholinesterase and its reduced sensitivity to inhibition by paraoxon in organophosphate-resistant Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 36: 22-28 (https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(90)90016-U).
232. Liu S.-S., Li Z.-Q., Xu L.-X., Zhu K. Y., Zheng Q.-F. 1989. Studies on the biology and chemical control of the pumpkin caterpillar (Daiphania indica (Saunders). China Vegetables 5: 14-17 (Chinese).
233. Zhu K. Y. 1988. Description of a new species of Belocera from China (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 13: 397-399 (Chinese with English abstract).
234. He J. H., Zhu K. Y., Tong X. W. 1988. Descriptions of four new species of the genus Ropronia Provancher from China (Hymenoptera: Roproniidae). Entomotaxonomia 10: 207-214 (Chinese with English abstract).
235. Zhu K. Y., Chen X. 1986. Studies on the synergism of three vegetable oils to deltamethrin against Dendrolimuspunctatus Walker (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Zhejiangensis 12: 299-303 (Chinese with English abstract).
236. Zhu K. Y. 1985. New record of Delphacidae from China - Purohita theognis Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Zhejiangensis 11: 236 (Chinese with English abstract).
237. Xu S. P., Zhu K. Y. 1984. A preliminary report of studies on species of planthoppers (Homoptera: Delphacidae) from Lishui Prefecture, Zhejiang Province. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Zhejiangensis 10: 221-230 (Chinese with English abstract).
238. Zhu K. Y. 1983. The color-spot variations of Laodelphax striatella (Fallen) and their recognition. Plant Protection 9: 16 (Chinese).

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1. Zhao X., Zhang J., Zhu K. Y. 2019. Chapter 1: Chito-protein matrices in arthropod exoskeletons and peritrophic matrices. pp. 3-56. In: Cohen E., Merzendorfer H. [eds.], Extracellular Sugar-Based Biopolymers Matrices. Biologically-Inspired Systems, Vol. 12. Springer Nature, Switzerland.
2. Arthur F. H., Campbell J. F., Zhu, K. Y., Kharel K. 2015. Aerosol efficacy and direct and indirect exposure of flour beetles. pp. 871-876. In: Arthur F.H. et al. [eds.], Proceedings of the 11th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 24-28 November 2014, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
3. Zhang X., Zhang J., Zhu K. Y. 2011. Chapter 20. Advances and prospects of RNAi technologies ininsect pest management, pp. 347-358. In: Liu T.-X., Kang L. [eds.], Recent Advances in Entomological Research: From Molecular Biology to Pest Management. Higher Education Press, Beijing and Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (Reprinted from the same chapter published in 2010).
4. Tucker A. M., Campbell J., Arthur F. H., Zhu K. Y. 2010. Horizontal transfer of methoprene in Tribolium castaneum. pp. 819-824. In: Carvalho O.M. et al., [eds.], Proceedings of the Tenth International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 27 June- 2 July, 2010, Estoril, Portugal, Julius-Kuhn-Archiv, Berlin, Germany.
5. Zhang X., Zhang J., Zhu K. Y. 2010. Chapter 20. Advances and prospects of RNAi technologies ininsect pest management, pp. 211-217. In: Liu T.-X., Kang L. [eds.], Recent Advances in Entomological Research: From Molecular Biology to Pest Management. Higher Education Press, Beijing.
6. Zhu K. Y. 2009. Chapter 14. Isolation of nucleic acids from insects, pp. 297-315. In: Liu D. [ed.], Handbook of Nucleic Acid Purification. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
7. Zhu K. Y., Zhang J. 2005. Insect acetylcholinesterase and its roles in insecticide resistance, pp. 228-236. In: Liu T.-X., Kang L. [eds.], Entomological Research: Progress and Perspectives. Science Press, Beijing.
8. Zhu K. Y. 2004. Synergism, pp. 2171-2173. In: Capinera, J. L. [ed.], Encyclopedia of Entomology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
9. Zhu K. Y. 2004. Insecticide toxicity, pp. 1186-1188. In: Capinera, J. L. [ed.], Encyclopedia of Entomology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
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